Exploring the Role of Emergency Funds, Insurance Ownership, and Retirement Planning in the Financial Well-Being of Indonesian Millennials
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.9744/jak.27.2.165-179Keywords:
financial well being, Emergency Fund, Insurance Ownership, Retirement Planning, Millennials, IndonesiaAbstract
This study investigates the influence of retirement planning, insurance ownership, and emergency funds on the financial well-being of millennials in Indonesia. Using a quantitative associative approach, data were collected via an online questionnaire from 159 Indonesian millennials aged 29–44. Emergency funds and insurance ownership significantly influenced financial well-being, while retirement planning showed no significant impact. The results show the importance of adopting comprehensive financial planning approaches to strengthen millennials’ financial resilience and confidence. The study contributes empirically by combining the three variables into a single contextual framework within a developing country. Practical implications include the need to improve financial literacy, promote insurance awareness, and foster emergency saving behavior. Future studies are encouraged to investigate other potential determinants, such as social influences or the adoption of fintech services, and to consider employing qualitative or mixed-method approaches to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of millennial financial behavior.
References
Adam, A. M., Frimpong, S., & Boadu, M. O. (2017). Retirement planning and financial well-being: Evidence from Ghana. Journal of Economics and Business Research, 23(1), 47-66. https://journal-iasssf.com/index.php/JEMBAR/article/download/261/66
Adee, S., Lau, E., & Wong, S. (2024). Mediating factors in retirement savings and well-being: a focused study on Sarawak. Cogent Economics & Finance, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2024.2422217
Adiandari, A. M., & Winata, H. (2017). Literasi keuangan dan kepemilikan asuransi jiwa: Observasi di institusi keuangan Sumatera Barat. Digital Repository Ngurah Rai University. http://repo.unr.ac.id/id/eprint/533
Ajzen, I. (2020). The theory of planned behavior: Frequently asked questions. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(4), 314–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.195
Aubrey, M., Morin, A. J. S., Fernet, C., & Carbonneau, N. (2022). Financial well-being: Capturing an elusive construct with an optimized measure. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.935284
Bemby, F. A. W., & Qomariyah, A. (2023). Does Financial Literacy Matter in Cashless Payment Usage? Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 25(2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.9744/jak.25.2.117-128
BPS. (2021). Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020: Berita Resmi Statistik No. 07/01/Th. XXIV. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2021/01/21/1854/hasil-sensus-penduduk-2020.html
Bufe, S., Roll, S., Kondratjeva, O., Skees, S., & Grinstein-Weiss, M. (2021). Financial shocks and financial well-being: What builds resiliency in lower-income households? Social Indicators Research, 161(1), 379–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02828-y
Burshtein, J., Zakria, D., & Rigel, D. (2023). Retirement planning. Dermatologic Clinics, 41(4), 611–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2023.05.006
Butar, I. D., Puteri, O. Y., Pangaribuan, C. H., Setiono, B., & Belda, Y. R. (2020). A study on financial well-being of Indonesian millennials. In The 1st International Congress on Regional Economic Development, Information Technology, and Sustainable Business (pp. 1-11).
Cerar, J., Nell, P. C., & Reiche, B. S. (2021). The declining share of primary data and the neglect of the individual level in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(8), 1365–1374. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00451-0
Chairunnisa, A., & Dalimunthe, Z. (2022). Indonesian Stock’s Influencer Phenomenon: Did Financial Literacy on Millennial Age Reduce Herding Behavior? Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 23(2), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.9744/jak.23.2.62-68
Cheung, G. W., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Lau, R. S., & Wang, L. C. (2023). Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 41(2), 745–783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-023-09871-y
Cirillo, A., Maggi, B., Sciascia, S., Lazzarotti, V., & Visconti, F. (2021). Exploring family millennials’ involvement in family business internationalization: Who should be their leader? Journal of Family Business Strategy, 13(3), 100455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2021.100455
Columbia University. (2025). The link between health and financial well-being. Columbia University Irving Medical Center. https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/link-between-health-and-financial-well-being
Das, V. (2024). Public health insurance expansion and financial well-being indicators directly evaluated by the eligible: Evidence from the United States. Social Indicators Research, 176, 771–797. https://doi-org.ezproxy.dewey.petra.ac.id:2443/10.1007/s11205-024-03475-9
Dass, M. (2010). Cross‐tabulation. Wiley International Encyclopedia of Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444316568.wiem02063
Deloitte. (2025). Deloitte global 2025 Gen Z and Millennial Survey. Deloitte Global https://www.deloitte.com/global/en/issues/work/genz-millennial-survey.html
Deng, B. (2023). Pension’s impact to the subjective well-being of retirees. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Advances in Social Sciences and Sustainable Development (ASSSD 2023) (Vol. 24). https://doi.org/10.54097/3fa95k40
Directorate General of State Assets. (2023). Generasi Milenial dan Generasi Kolonial. Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/kpknl-pontianak/baca-artikel/14262/Generasi-Milenial-Dan-Generasi-Kolonial.html
Djou, L. G., & Lukiastuti, F. (2022). The Moderating Influence of Financial Literacy on the Relationship of Financial Attitudes, Financial Self-Efficacy, and Credit Decision-Making Intensity. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 23(2), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.9744/jak.23.2.69-82
Fatmawati, S., & Suwardi, E. (2024). Paylater as The Millennial Payment: Theory Planned Behavior. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 26(2), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.9744/jak.26.2.91-102
Foong, H. F., Haron, S. A., Koris, R., Hamid, T. A., & Ibrahim, R. (2021). Relationship between financial well‐being, life satisfaction, and cognitive function among low‐income community‐dwelling older adults: the moderating role of sex. Psychogeriatrics, 21(4), 586–595. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12709
Gosal, G. G. (2023). Financial well-being of millennial workers in east java, Indonesia. YMER International, 22(08), 198–208. https://dspace.uc.ac.id/handle/123456789/6653
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Hetherington, A., Liu, S., & Meldrum, J. (2021). Evaluating the impact of retirement leisure planning on retirement satisfaction and vitality: a mixed-method study. Annals of Leisure Research, 26(1), 140–161. https://doi.
org/10.1080/11745398.2021.1902357
Housel, M. (2020). The Psychology of Money: Timeless Lessons on Wealth, Greed, and Happiness. Harriman House.
HSBC International. (2024). The HSBC quality of life report 2024. HSBC International. https://internationalservices.hsbc.com/quality-of-life/2024/
Iannello, P., Sorgente, A., Lanz, M., & Antonietti, A. (2021). Financial well-being and its relationship with subjective and psychological well-being among emerging adults: Testing the moderating effect of individual differences. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(3), 1385–1411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00277-x
Keown, A. J. (2013). Personal Finance: Pearson New International Edition (6th ed.). Pearson Education.
Kock, N., & Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum sample size estimation in PLS-SEM: The inverse square root and gamma-exponential methods. Information Systems Journal, 28(1), 227–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12131
Lambert, M. J. C. M., Jusoh, Z. M., Rahim, H. A., & Zainudin, N. (2023). Factors Affecting financial well-being of Millennials: A Systematic review. Information Management and Business Review, 15(2(I)SI), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i2(i)si.3424
Liu, C., Bai, X., & Knapp, M. (2021). Multidimensional retirement planning behaviors, retirement confidence, and post-retirement health and well-being among Chinese older adults in Hong Kong. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 17(2), 833–849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-020-09901-7
Liu, L., & Ju, Z. (2025). Digital finance and retirement planning: The role of information cost reduction and trust enhancement channels. Economic Modelling, 144(106989). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2024.106989
Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. (2011). Financial literacy and planning: Implications for retirement well-being (NBER Working Paper No. 17078). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w17078
Mahendru, M., Sharma, G. D., Pereira, V., Gupta, M., & Mundi, H. S. (2022). Is it all about money honey? Analyzing and mapping financial well-being research and identifying future research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 150, 417–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.034
Nanda, A. P., & Banerjee, R. (2021). Consumer’s subjective financial well‐being: A systematic review and research agenda. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(4), 750–776. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12668
OECD. (2024a). G20 policy note on financial well-being. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/7332c99d-en
OECD. (2024b). Global insurance market trends 2024. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/5b740371-en
OJK. (2022). Survei nasional literasi dan inklusi keuangan tahun 2022. OJK. https://ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/publikasi/Pages/Booklet-Survei-Nasional-Literasi-dan-Inklusi-Keuangan-Tahun-2022.aspx
OJK. (2024). Perasuransian. OJK. https://ojk.go.id/id/kanal/iknb/pages/asuransi.aspx
Osman, Z., Madzlan, E., & Ing, P. (2018). In pursuit of financial well-being: The effects of financial literacy, financial behaviour and financial stress on employees in Labuan. International Journal of Service Management and Sustainability, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.24191/ijsms.v3i1.8041
Ramsey, D. (2009). The total money makeover: A proven plan for financial fitness. Thomas Nelson Inc.
Rana, J., Gutierrez, P. L., & Oldroyd, J. C. (2022). Quantitative methods. In Springer eBooks (pp. 11202–11207). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66252-3_460
Rejda, G. E., & McNamara, M. J. (2017). Principles of risk management and insurance (13th ed.). Pearson. chrome-extension://
efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://business.ucdenver.edu/sites/default/files/attached-files/rejda_12th_edition_textbook_principles_of_risk_management_and_insurance.pdf
Riitsalu, L., Sulg, R., Lindal, H., Remmik, M., & Vain, K. (2023). From Security to Freedom— The Meaning of Financial Well-being Changes with Age. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 45(1), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-023-09886-z
S, S., & Mohanasundaram, T. (2024). Fit indices in structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis: Reporting Guidelines. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 24(7), 561–577. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2024/v24i71430
Saputra, F. (2024). Financial management behavior of millennials. International Journal of Business Law and Education, 5(1), 1153–1161. https://doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v5i1.532
Schuberth, F., Rademaker, M. E., & Henseler, J. (2023). Assessing the overall fit of composite models estimated by partial least squares path modeling. European Journal of Marketing, 57(6), 1678–1702. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-08-2020-0586
She, L., Ma, L., Pahlevan Sharif, S., & Karim, S. (2024). Millennials’ financial behaviour and financial well-being: The moderating role of future orientation. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 29(4), 1207–1224. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-024-00281-9
Society of Actuaries. (2025). Greater Asia retirement survey. Society of Actuaries. https://www.soa.org/resources/research-reports/2025/greater-asia-retirement-survey/
Statista. (2025). Insurance penetration rate by country 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/381174/insurance-penetration-in-selected-countries-worldwide/
Statistics Indonesia. (2024). Gross domestic product (GDP) from insurance and pension fund in Indonesia from 2014 to 2023 (in trillion Indonesian rupiah). In Statista. Retrieved March 13, 2025, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1019740/indonesia-gdp-insurance-and-pension-fund/
Tkalec, I. (2023). Millennials and early retirement: an exploratory study. Merits, 3(2), 248–262. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits3020015
Tomar, S., Baker, H. K., Kumar, S., & Hoffmann, A. O. (2021). Psychological deter-minants of retirement financial planning behavior. Journal of Business Research, 133, 432–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.007
UNCDF. (2022). Delivering financial health globally: A collection of insights, approaches and recommendations. https://www.uncdf.org/article/7008/delivering-financial-healthglobally-a-collection-of-insights-approaches-and-recommendations
UNSGSA. (2021). Financial health: An introduction for financial sector policymakers. https://www.unsgsa.org/publications/financial-health-introduction-financial-sectorpolicymakers
Vanguard Research. (2025). The relationship between emergency savings, financial well-being, and financial stress. https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/dam/corp/research/pdf/relationship_between_emergency_savings_financial_well_being_financial_stress.pdf
Versal, N., Honchar, I., Balytska, M., & Erastov, V. (2023). How do savings and personal budgeting matter on financial literacy and well-being. Business, Management and Economics Engineering, 21(2), 190–203. https://doi.org/10.3846/bmee.2023.19062
Wu, J., & Chao, Q. (2023). How older adults fulfill their retirement plans relates to positive mental health: a path model analysis of social activity and self-esteem. Current Psychology, 43(7), 5963–5974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04735-6
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Pwee Leng, Graceline Melinda

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and publishing right, and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) followingthe publication of the article, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).<a href="http://creativecommons.org/lice











